Getting a Millionaire's Mindset

by Glenn Curtis

Let's face it; we all don't make millions of dollars a year, and the odds are that most of us won't receive a large windfall inheritance either. However, that doesn't mean that we can't build sizeable wealth — it'll just take some time. If you're young, time is on your side and retiring a millionaire is achievable. Read on for some tips on how to increase your savings and work toward this goal.

Stop Senseless Spending
Unfortunately, people have a habit of spending their hard-earned cash on goods and services that they don't need. Even relatively small expenses, such as indulging in a gourmet coffee from a premium coffee shop every morning, can really add up — and decrease the amount of money you can save. Larger expenses on luxury items also prevent many people from putting money into savings each month.
That said, it's important to realize that it's usually not just one item or one habit that must be cut out in order to accumulate sizable wealth (although it may be). Usually, in order to become wealthy one must adopt a disciplined lifestyle and budget. This means that people who are looking to build their nest eggs need to make sacrifices somewhere — this may mean eating out less frequently, using public transportation to get to work and/or cutting back on extra, unnecessary expenses.
This doesn't mean that you shouldn't go out and have fun, but you should try to do things in moderation — and set a budget if you hope to save money. Fortunately, particularly if you start saving young, saving up a sizeable nest egg only requires a few minor (and relatively painless) adjustments to your spending habits.
Fund Retirement Plans ASAP
When individuals earn money, their first responsibility is to pay current expenses such as the rent or mortgage expenses, food and other necessities. Once these expenses have been covered, the next step should be to fund a retirement plan or some other tax-advantaged vehicle.
Unfortunately, retirement planning is an afterthought for many young people. Here's why it shouldn't be: funding a 401(k) and/or a IRA early on in life means you can contribute less money overall and actually end up with significantly more in the end than someone who put in much more money but started later.
How much difference will funding a vehicle such as a Roth IRA early on in life make?
If you're 23 years old and deposit $3,000 per year (that's only $250 each month!) in a Roth IRA earning an 8% average annual return, you will have saved $985,749 by the time you are 65 years old due to the power of compounding. If you make a few extra contributions, it's clear that a $1 million goal is well within reach. Also keep in mind that this is mostly interest — your $3,000 contributions only add up to $126,000.
Now, suppose that you wait an additional 10 years to start contributing. You have a better job and you know you've lost some time, so you contribute $5,000 per year. You get the same 8% return and you aim to retire at 65. When you reach age 65, you will have saved $724,753. That's still a sizeable fund, but you had to contribute $160,000 just to get there — and it's nowhere near the $985,749 you could've had for paying much less.
Improve Tax Awareness
Sometimes, individuals think that doing their own taxes will save them money. In some cases, they might be right. However, in other cases it may actually end up costing them money because they fail to take advantage of the many deductions available to them.
Try to become more educated as far as what types of items are deductible. You should also understand when it makes sense to move away from the standard deduction and start itemizing your return.
However, if you're not willing or able to become very well educated filing your own income tax, it may actually pay to hire some help, particularly if you are self employed, own a business or have other circumstances that complicate your tax return.
Renting Versus Buying
At some point in our lives, many of us rent a home or an apartment because we cannot afford to purchase a home, or because we aren't sure where we want to live for the longer term. And that's fine. However, renting is often not a good long-term investment because buying a home is a good way to build equity.
Unless you intend to move in a short period of time, it generally makes sense to consider putting a down payment on a home. (At least you would likely build up some equity over time and the foundation for a nest egg.)
Buying Expensive Cars
There's nothing wrong with purchasing a luxury vehicle. However, individuals who spend an inordinate amount of their incomes on a vehicle are doing themselves a disservice — especially since this asset depreciates in value so rapidly.
How rapidly does a car depreciate?
Obviously, this depends on the make, model, year and demand for the vehicle, but a general rule is that a new car loses 15-20% of its value per year. So, a two-year old car will be worth 80-85% of its purchase price; a three-year old car will be worth 80-85% of its two-year-old value.
In short, especially when you are young, consider buying something practical and dependable that has low monthly payments — or that you can pay for in cash. In the long run, this will mean you'll have more money to put toward your savings — an asset that will appreciate, rather than depreciate like your car.
Don't Sell Yourself Short
Some individuals are extremely loyal to their employers and will stay with them for years without seeing their incomes take a jump. This can be a mistake, as increasing your income is an excellent way to boost your rate of saving.
Always keep your eye out for other opportunities and try not to sell yourself short. Work hard and find an employer who will compensate you for your work ethic, skills and experience.
Bottom Line
You don't have to win the lottery to see seven figures in your bank account. For most people, the only way to achieve this is to save it. You don't have to live like a pauper to build an adequate nest egg and retire comfortably. If you start early, spend wisely and save diligently, your million-dollar dreams are well within reach.

10 Things Millionaires Won't Tell You

by Daren Fonda

1. "You may think I'm rich, but I don't."
A million dollars may sound like a fortune to most people, and folks with that much cash can't complain — they're richer than 90 percent of U.S. households and earn $366,000 a year, on average, putting them in the top 1 percent of taxpayers. But the club isn't so exclusive anymore. Some 10 million households have a net worth above $1 million, excluding home equity, almost double the number in 2002. Moreover, a recent survey by Fidelity found just 8 percent of millionaires think they're "very" or "extremely" wealthy, while 19 percent don't feel rich at all. "They're worried about health care, retirement and how they'll sustain their lifestyle," says Gail Graham, a wealth-management executive at Fidelity.
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Indeed, many millionaires still don't have enough for exclusive luxuries, like membership at an elite golf club, which can top $300,000 a year. While $1 million was a tidy sum three decades ago, you'd need $3.6 million for the same purchasing power today. And half of all millionaires have a net worth of $2.5 million or less, according to research firm TNS. So what does it take to feel truly rich? The magic number is $23 million, according to Fidelity.

2. "I shop at Wal-Mart..."
They may not buy the 99-cent paper towels, but millionaires know what it is to be frugal. About 80 percent say they spend with a middle-class mind-set, according to a 2007 survey of high-net-worth individuals, published by American Express and the Harrison Group. That means buying luxury items on sale, hunting for bargains — even clipping coupons.
Don Crane, a small-business owner in Santa Rosa, Calif., certainly sees the value of everyday saving. "We can afford just about anything," he says, adding that his net worth is over $1 million. But he and his wife both grew up on farms in the Midwest — where nothing was wasted — and his wife clips coupons to this day. In fact, most millionaires come from middle-class households, and roughly 70 percent have been wealthy for less than 15 years, according to the AmEx/Harrison survey. That said, there are plenty of millionaires who never check a price tag. "I've always wanted to live above my means because it inspired me to work harder," says Robert Kiyosaki, author of the 1997 best seller Rich Dad, Poor Dad. An entrepreneur worth millions, Kiyosaki says he doesn't even know what his house would go for today.

3. "...but I didn't get rich by skimping on lattes."
So how do you join the millionaires' club? You could buy stocks or real estate, play the slots in Vegas — or take the most common path: running your own business. That's how half of all millionaires made their money, according to the AmEx/Harrison survey. About a third had a professional practice or worked in the corporate world; only 3 percent inherited their wealth.
Regardless of how they built their nest egg, virtually all millionaires "make judicious use of debt," says Russ Alan Prince, coauthor of "The Middle-Class Millionaire." They'll take out loans to build their business, avoid high-interest credit card debt and leverage their home equity to finance purchases if their cash flow doesn't cut it. Nor is their wealth tied up in their homes. Home equity represents just 11 percent of millionaires' total assets, according to TNS. "People who are serious about building wealth always want to have a mortgage," says Jim Bell, president of Bell Investment Advisors. His home is probably worth $1.5 million, he adds, but he owes $900,000 on it. "I'm in no hurry to pay it off," he says. "It's one of the few tax deductions I get."

4. "I have a concierge for everything."
That hot restaurant may be booked for months — at least when Joe Nobody calls to make reservations. But many top eateries set aside tables for celebrities and A-list clientele, and that's where the personal concierge comes in. Working for retainers that range anywhere from $25 an hour to six figures a year, these modern-day butlers have the inside track on chic restaurants, spa reservations, even an early tee time at the golf club. And good concierges will scour the planet for whatever their clients want — whether it's holy water blessed personally by the Pope, rare Mexican tequila or artisanal sausages found only in northern Spain. "For some people, the cost doesn't matter," says Yamileth Delgado, who runs Marquise Concierge and who once found those sausages for a client — 40 pounds of chorizo that went for $1,000.
Concierge services now extend to medical attention as well. At the high end: For roughly $2,000 to $4,000 a month, clients can get 24-hour access to a primary-care physician who makes house calls and can facilitate admission to a hospital "without long waits in the emergency room," as one New York City service puts it.

5. "You don't get rich by being nice."
John D. Rockefeller threatened rivals with bankruptcy if they didn't sell out to his company, Standard Oil. Bill Gates was ruthless in building Microsoft into the world's largest software firm (remember Netscape?). Indeed, many millionaires privately admit they're "bastards in business," says Prince. "They aren't nice guys." Of course, the wealthy don't exactly look in the mirror and see Gordon Gekko either. Most millionaires share the values of their moderate-income parents, says Lewis Schiff, a private wealth consultant and Prince's coauthor: "Spending time with family really matters to them." Just 12 percent say that what they want most to be remembered for is their legacy in business, according to the AmEx/Harrison study.
Millionaires are also seemingly undaunted by failure. Crane, for example, now runs a successful company that screens tenants for landlords. But his first business venture, a real estate partnership, went bankrupt, costing him $20,000 — more than his house was worth at the time. "It was the most depressing time in my life, but it was the best lesson I ever learned," he says.

6. "Taxes are for little people."
Most millionaires do pay taxes. In fact, the top 1 percent of earners paid nearly 40 percent of federal income taxes in 2005 — a whopping $368 billion — according to the Internal Revenue Service. That said, the wealthy tend to derive a higher portion of their income from dividends and capital gains, which are taxed at lower rates than wages (15 percent for long-term capital gains versus 25 percent for middle-class wages). Also, high-income earners pay Social Security tax only on their first $97,500 of income.
But the big savings come from owning a business and deducting everything related to it. Landlords can also depreciate their commercial properties and expenses like mortgage interest. And that's without doing any creative accounting. Then there are the tax shelters, trusts and other mechanisms the superrich use to shield their wealth. An estimated 2 million Americans have unreported accounts offshore, and income from foreign tax shelters costs the U.S. $20 billion to $40 billion a year, according to the IRS. Indeed, "an increasing number of people want to establish an offshore fund," says Vernon Jacobs, a certified public accountant in Kansas who specializes in legal foreign accounts.

7. "I was a B student."
Mom was right when she said good grades were the key to success — just not necessarily a big bank account. According to the book "The Millionaire Mind," the median college grade point average for millionaires is 2.9, and the average SAT score is 1190 — hardly Harvard material. In fact, 59 percent of millionaires attended a state college or university, according to AmEx/Harrison.
When asked to list the keys to their success, millionaires rank hard work first, followed by education, determination and "treating others with respect." They also say that what they absorbed in class was less important than learning how to study and stay disciplined, says Jim Taylor, vice chairman of the Harrison Group. Granted, 48 percent of millionaires hold an advanced degree, and elite colleges do open doors to careers on Wall Street and in Silicon Valley (not to mention social connections that grease the wheels). But for every Ph.D. millionaire, there are many more who squeaked through school. Kiyosaki, for one, says the only way he survived college calculus was by "sitting near" the smart kids in class — "we cheated like crazy," he says.

8. "Like my Ferrari? It's a rental."
Why spend $3,000 on a Versace bag that'll be out of style as soon as next season when you can rent it for $175 a month? For that matter, why blow $250,000 on a Ferrari when for $25,000 it can be yours for a few weekends a year? Clubs that offer "fractional ownership" of jets have been popular for some time, and now the concept has extended to other high-end luxuries like exotic cars and fine art. How hot is the trend? More than 50 percent of millionaires say they plan to rent luxury goods within the next 12 months, according to a survey by Prince & Associates. Handbags topped the list, followed by cars, jewelry, watches and art. Online companies like Bag Borrow or Steal, for example, cater to customers who always want new designer accessories and jewelry, for prices starting at $15 a week.
For Suzanne Garner, a millionaire software engineer in Santa Clara, Calif., owning a $100,000 car didn't make financial sense (she drives a Mazda Miata). Instead, Garner pays up to $30,000 in annual membership fees to Club Sportiva, a fractional-ownership car club in San Francisco that lets her take out Ferraris, Lamborghinis and other exotic vehicles on weekends. "I'm all about the car," she says. And so are other people, it seems. While stopped at a light in a Ferrari recently, Garner received a marriage proposal from a guy in a pickup truck. (She declined the offer.)
9. "Turns out money can buy happiness."
It may not be comforting to folks who aren't minting cash, but the rich really are different. "There's no group in America that's happier than the wealthy," says Taylor, of the Harrison Group. Roughly 70 percent of millionaires say that money"created" more happiness for them,he notes. Higher income also correlates with higher ratings in life satisfaction, according to a new study by economists at the Wharton School of Business. But it's not necessarily the Bentley or Manolo Blahniks that lead to bliss. "It's the freedom that money buys," says Betsey Stevenson, coauthor of the Wharton study.
Concomitantly, rates of depression are lower among the wealthy, according to the Wharton study, and the rich tend to have better health than the rest of the population, says James Smith, senior labor economist at the Rand Corporation. (In fact, health and happiness are as closely correlated as wealth and happiness, Smith says.) The wealthy even seem to smile and laugh more often, according to the Wharton study, to say nothing of getting treated with more respect and eating better food. "People experience their day very differently when they have a lot of money," Stevenson says.
10. "You worry about the Joneses — I worry about keeping up with the Trumps."
Wealth may go a long way toward creating happiness, but the middle-class rich still can't afford the life of the billionaire next door — the guy who writes charity checks for $100,000 and retreats to his own private island. "What makes people happy isn't how much they're making," says Glenn Firebaugh, a sociologist at Pennsylvania State University. "It's how much they're making relative to their peers."
Indeed, for all their riches, some 40 percent of millionaires fear that their standard of living will decline in retirement and that their money will run out before they die, according to Fidelity. Of course, it may not help if their lifestyle is so lavish that they're barely squeaking by on $400,000 a year. "You can always be happier with more money," says Stevenson. "There's no satiation point." But that's the trouble with keeping up with the Trumps. "Millionaires are always looking up," says Schiff, "and think it's better up there."

Millionaires in the Making

by Paul Keegan

John and Gina Rodrigues have always been good with numbers. John is a software engineer who manages a team at Microsoft, and Gina spent years processing mortgages at Wells Fargo and Countrywide Home Loans. But the numbers they are especially good at are the kind with dollar signs in front of them.

At age 27, John and Gina already earn a combined $174,000 a year, save half of what they make and have built a formidable portfolio of $380,000 in stocks, mutual funds and cash. Their goal: to become millionaires and retire by the time they turn 40, just 13 years from now.

To make that dream a reality, they have become black-belt practitioners of an art rarely practiced in America these days: While others with their earning power might indulge in fancy dinners, luxury vacations and designer wardrobes, the Rodrigueses live like young couples did before the era of easy credit. They rent the house where John grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area for a mere $650 a month; rarely travel; split an entrée on the rare occasions they eat out; and spend almost nothing on clothes (John wears free Microsoft T-shirts, while Gina gets hand-me-downs from her sister).

They are driven by a fierce determination to control their own fate. John yearns to quit his job to indulge his passion for the outdoors, and Gina plans to cut back her hours at the boutique they own to work with animals and, possibly, raise a family.

Can the couple do it? The outcome depends on the answers to three key questions: Will they be able to keep up their spartan lifestyle? (Anxious for a home of their own, they are now shopping for a house in one of the priciest areas of the country.) Will they invest wisely? (Among their goofs so far: They snatched up three properties near the height of the real estate bubble.) And even if they do, is 13 years really enough time to amass the huge sums required to retire at 40 - enough money to last them for the ensuing 50 to 60 years?

A Great Start

John learned the importance of saving early. When his father quit his job as a retail store manager to follow his dream of becoming a high school special-ed teacher, the family's income took a big hit. They squeaked by thanks to their rainy-day funds, but there wasn't much left for extras. When John, then 12, wanted the latest video-game system, his parents told him to earn it. So he raked leaves and mowed lawns for nine months until he'd scraped together the $150 he needed.

Later, when John saw his high school classmates tooling around in expensive cars, he worked long hours at a computer store so he could buy a used Honda Prelude. "I don't need my mom or dad to buy me a $60,000 Mercedes," he recalls thinking. "I can do it on my own."

John and Gina met at that computer store, where she was a cashier. They began dating and spent money like typical teenagers, going out to dinner and the movies, shopping at the mall. But starting in his sophomore year as an information systems major at the University of California at Santa Cruz, John had to pay his own tuition (his grandfather had paid for the first year). He saw a stark choice: take out loans like his friends or get a job and live frugally. He chose the latter, working 30 hours a week while packing his schedule with extra classes. "People said it was too hard; I wanted to prove them wrong," says John, who graduated with highest honors in just three years, free of debt.

Gina was slower to embrace John's money-saving ethic. Midway through college, as their relationship got serious, she revealed that she had $5,000 in credit-card debt. "I loved shopping," she remembers. "If I had a tough day, I'd go to the mall to make myself feel better." John was not pleased, but Gina devised a plan to dig out. Shortly after graduating, she got her real estate license and paid off the debt with the $9,000 commission she made selling her first home.

About a year after they began their careers - John at Microsoft, Gina at Wells Fargo - John proposed. But first he drove to Oregon (12 hours each way) to buy Gina's engagement ring, thereby avoiding $1,500 in California sales tax. They married in 2004 and moved into a two-bedroom condo in Dublin, Calif. that they bought for $377,000, putting down 5% of the price and financing the rest.

Within a year the condo had appreciated to $535,000. Tempted by their success, John and Gina decided to buy an investment property, settling on a $141,000 three-bedroom house in Phoenix, where friends had invested. They put down 10% and hired a property manager. Within 18 months the home's value had shot up to $240,000. They refinanced, taking out a $190,000 mortgage to free up cash for more properties. In late 2005 they bought two $150,000 homes near San Antonio with a 20% down payment.

Not that the Rodrigueses were relying on real estate alone to build their fortune. They were also saving furiously, putting 15% to 20% of their income in a mix of stock and cash investments. By the time they turned 24, when many of their peers were struggling with student loans and crushing credit-card bills, Gina and John already had nearly $70,000 set aside for retirement, plus their real estate equity.

Buckling Down

Then came a stumble, followed by an epiphany. John decided he could use tips from a financial adviser. After picking one he deemed astute and trustworthy, he bought a pair of variable life insurance policies at the planner's suggestion, only afterward looking at the fine print to find that the policies were loaded with fees and cancellation penalties. John stormed into the adviser's office demanding an explanation, then realized it was his own fault for not being more careful. "I was so angry that I didn't catch it," he says.

It wasn't just the $5,000 it cost to cancel the policies that had John steaming. His very identity - the financial whiz kid with a chip on his shoulder who could shut up those who doubted him in high school and college - was shaken. So he gave himself a crash course in finance, spending weekends with Gina poring over investment magazines and books. One day, he says, they hit upon a stunning realization about the power of compounding: "If we just push as hard as we can for another 10 years or so, there could be an explosion of financial growth at the end for us."

The Rodrigueses vowed to yank their belts even tighter. Like Tiger Woods restructuring his swing after winning the Masters a decade ago, they took their already phenomenal savings game to a new level. They sold their condo in late 2006, netting $110,000, and moved to John's childhood home, which they rented from his parents (his mom and dad had moved to a house nearby). They cut back on eating out to once a month, going to cheap chain restaurants and sharing a meal. They vowed to drive their cars until they died. Their clothes budget dropped to $300 a year.

Their new minimalist approach caused a few problems socially. Gina recalls awkward moments going out to eat with her family or friends when she would order only an appetizer and tap water and didn't think it was fair to split the check equally. John had to "respectfully decline" when buddies invited him to fly to Las Vegas for the weekend. "We're kind of boring," says Gina.

Their restricted lifestyle sometimes chafes, both admit. Living in John's boyhood home, furnished with his parents' stuff, is tough. "It's hard to see other couples living in their own houses the way they want," says Gina. And yes, she sometimes resents John's constant admonitions to save, save, save: "I'd say, 'We could die in a car crash tomorrow, so let's enjoy ourselves now!' " John, though, revels in his thriftiness: "I'm okay with people calling me cheap."

Over time they've learned to compromise. They eat out two or three times a month now and recently splurged on tickets to the show Jersey Boys (it was their anniversary). Gina convinced John to buy something he'd been craving for years - a $30,000 Subaru WRX STI to indulge his hobby of rallycross racing. And John has promised Gina they'll buy a home of their own as soon as they find a suitable one (they're looking in the $350,000-to-$450,000 range).

The Rodrigueses still manage to save more than half of their income, which is spread among different investments. John aggressively buys discounted Microsoft shares through an employee stock-purchase plan and contributes nearly the max to his 401(k). Additional savings go into a diversified mix of stock funds and cash accounts.

Bumps in the Road

But they have a long way to go before they're millionaires. And the Rodrigueses have run into a few snags that underscore how hard the path to wealth can be even for the most dedicated savers.

For one thing, owning real estate so far away has turned into a headache. Make that a migraine: One house stood empty for nine months because of a dispute with a former tenant, and their Phoenix property has dropped so sharply in value that they now owe nearly as much as the house is worth. Carrying costs for the properties exceed the rental income they generate by $9,000 a year. Given the downturn in real estate prices, if they sold all three homes today, they'd barely break even.

The Rodrigueses have also seen how a blip in their careers can undermine their saving efforts, even temporarily. Last year Gina quit the mortgage underwriting business - the hours were too long, she says, and the work wasn't creative enough. During the year she was out of work, the amount the couple were saving dropped by 20%. Then, earlier this year, Gina found a boutique called La Lavande, which sells imported soaps and handbags, for sale in nearby Walnut Creek. The Rodrigueses took out a $75,000 loan to buy the store - and Gina had found her calling.

Eventually, though, the Rodrigueses both hope to stop working altogether. Their plan is to move away from the Bay Area to a less expensive locale like Arizona by age 40. They want to buy a ranch where outdoorsman John can go hiking and camping while Gina starts a small farm, raising sheep and chickens and maybe a family. "I'd like a really simple life where John and I can just spend more time together," says Gina.

The Advice

Money asked California financial planners Eric Toya of Redondo Beach and Mike Chamberlain of Santa Cruz to assess the Rodrigueses' chances of retiring by 40 and recommend steps to help them reach that goal. Their suggestions:

Rethink that exit date. If John and Gina maintain their current rate of saving, they'll build an impressive nest egg over the next 13 years. Assuming they get raises of 4% annually and their portfolio averages gains of 6% a year, Toya estimates they'll have $2.9 million at age 40. Combined with the income they might earn from any ventures they pursue in retirement (John's thinking about buying more investment properties or starting a small business), that might be enough to last them the following 50 to 60 years.

Toya, however, stresses that making projections for such a long period is inherently risky because the unknowns are so great: What path will their careers take? Will either one develop a health problem? Might the financial markets go through a protracted downturn? To compensate for those risks, Toya says, "the younger you retire, the more conservative your withdrawal rate should be." But even if the Rodrigueses draw down their portfolio at a 3% rate vs. the 4% typically recommended for retirees, they'll run out of money before age 80.

What to do? Delaying retirement by just five years will greatly increase the chances that their money will last their lifetime, Toya says. When they're 45, their portfolio will be worth $4.75 million, according to his calculations. They could tap their savings at an even lower 2.5% annual rate - giving them an extra cushion for bad market years and big expenses like raising kids and paying for college - and they'll still likely have enough to live comfortably to age 100.

Dump the company stock. The Rodrigueses have 37% of their portfolio in Microsoft. That's far too much in a single stock, especially since they're also dependent on the company for most of their income. Chamberlain advises selling the shares in increments every two weeks or so to get the stock down to 5% of their portfolio.

John strongly disagrees. "Frankly, I think it's dumb to sell low," he says. "I think it's a safe investment to hold until the market comes up." Replies Chamberlain: "I don't care what the stock is: To diminish risk, you need more diversification in your portfolio."

Add a few bonds. Gina and John scored off the charts for risk tolerance in a questionnaire Chamberlain gave them. But even for fearless investors, having 99% of a 401(k) in stocks and just 1% in fixed-income assets is too aggressive, warns Chamberlain, who suggests a 90/10 split. Best bet: intermediate-term bonds, which historically have returned about 5% a year.


Consider a real estate sale. The Rodrigueses are losing about $750 a month on their three investment properties. If they sell one or two of the homes now, they can stop the bleeding and probably break even on their purchase. If they're forced to sell later on and the market is still in a free fall, they stand to lose a lot more money.

But John is adamantly against a sale, an odd position for a man who splits entrées at a restaurant to save a few bucks. Chamberlain believes John has developed an emotional attachment to the properties - or he may simply be unwilling to admit that they made a mistake. John counters: "I think those properties are going to come back eventually. Even if they don't, our retirement plan is not based on any return from those properties anyway."

After meeting with Chamberlain, John and Gina are relieved to know they're on the right track. They do understand that life is uncertain - that John could lose his job and that investment returns could keep shrinking. If that happens, they say, they're prepared to work past 40 and retire later.

But John remains optimistic about their chances of reaching their goal. "I get tired of the naysayers around me," he says. "Sure, it gets lonely sometimes, but look, I have a beautiful wife, I'm happy, I've got good friends...." He pauses, as though hearing a cash register ringing. "Well, I don't need a hundred friends. That usually means a hundred gifts a year."

For President

Ivy Leaguers' Big Edge: Starting Pay

by Sarah E. Needleman

Where people go to college can make a big difference in starting pay, and that difference is largely sustained into midcareer, according to a large study of global compensation.

In the yearlong effort, PayScale Inc., an online provider of global compensation data, surveyed 1.2 million bachelor's degree graduates with a minimum of 10 years of work experience (with a median of 15.5 years). The subjects hailed from more than 300U.S. schools ranging from state institutions to the Ivy League, and their incomes show that the subject you major in can have little to do with your long-term earning power. PayScale excluded survey respondents who reported having advanced degrees, including M.B.A.s, M.D.s and J.D.s.

Even though graduates from all types of schools increase their earnings throughout their careers, their incomes grow at almost the same rate, according to the survey. For instance, the median starting salary for Ivy Leaguers is 32% higher than that of liberal-arts college graduates -- and at 10 or more years into graduates' working lives, the spread is 34%, according to the survey.

One reason why Ivy Leaguers outpace their peers may be that they tend to choose roles where they're either managing or providing advice, says David Wise, a senior consultant at Hay Group Inc., a global management-consulting firm based in Philadelphia. By contrast, state-school graduates gravitate toward individual contributor and support roles. "Ivy Leaguers probably position themselves better for job opportunities that provide them with significant upside," says Mr. Wise, adding that this is the first survey he's seen that correlates school choice to a point later in a career.

Also, more Ivy League graduates go into finance roles than graduates of other schools, and employers pay a premium for them, says Peter Cappelli, a professor of management and director of the Center for Human Resources at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. "Dartmouth kids get paid more for the same job than kids from Rutgers are [doing]," he says.

Which school pays off the most? According to the survey, graduates of Dartmouth College, an Ivy League college, earn the highest median salary -- $134,000.

Of all Ivy League graduates surveyed, those from Columbia earn the lowest midcareer median salary -- $107,000. Meanwhile, the highest-paid liberal-arts-school graduates, from Bucknell University, earn slightly more -- $110,000.

Mr. Wise called the data thought-provoking. "These results, to some extent, confirm suspicions that many people have about the importance of a person's college choice in giving them better pay opportunities down the line," says Mr. Wise. "What we still don't know is whether or not it's the training or education the school provides that drives these pay differences, or if the people from those schools are just wired to self-select into jobs that are likely to be paid more."

The survey also looked at how much salaries increased over time. Liberal-arts-school graduates see their median total compensation grow by 95% after about 10 years, to $89,379 from $45,747. Meanwhile, graduates of "party schools" (as defined by the 2008 Princeton Review College Guide) aren't that far behind, with their incomes increasing 85% during that time to $84,685 from $45,715.

At the bottom: Engineering-school grads, who earn the highest starting salaries, yet see their paychecks expand just 76% by their career midpoints to $103,842 from $59,058.

Contrary to what many parents tell their children majoring in subjects like political science or philosophy, these degrees won't necessarily leave you in the poorhouse. It can depend on what career path you choose to pursue with that degree. History-majors-turned-business-consultants earn a median total compensation of $104,000, similar to their counterparts who pursued a business major like economics -- whose grads earn about $98,000 overall at midcareer, the PayScale study shows.

English majors in all career paths who graduate from Harvard University earn a median starting salary of $44,500, compared with $35,000 for those with English degrees from Ohio State University -- a 27% difference. And that disparity widens even more after 10 years. By then, English majors from Harvard reported earning $103,000 in median pay, 111% more than their counterparts from Ohio State.

"With a liberal art's degree, it's what you make of it," says Al Lee, director of qualitative analysis at PayScale. "If you're motivated by income, then there are certainly careers in psychology that pay as well as careers out of engineering."